Health and environment part 1

Health And Environment : part 1

Health and environment

It is a well-known truth that due to various human activities, there has been a threat to land, air, water and the creatures living in it. Biological contamination caused by germs in food, water and air remains a huge health problem in developing countries such as India. Some of them will try to understand the problems in detail in this lesson.After the conclusion of the study of this lesson, you will:

- be able to define health and the different types of effects (genetic, practical, environmental) that may occur on it;

- be able to list and describe problems related to sanitation and health care in residential areas (village / town / city);

- Water-borne diseases, which are caused by pathogens, carriers and chemical pollutants, will be able to differentiate between them;

- In relation to some water-borne diseases, how can they be spread and what are the results?

- Will be able to prepare a list of special air pollutants that occur in agriculture, cottage industries, large industries, mining sector and dense population;

Be able to give examples of environmental carcinogenic substances and explain their methods of control;

- List of diseases that spread due to heavy metals poisoning and describe their preventive measures;

- List various types of occupational health hazards (hazards);

- Will be able to explain the ways in which humans working in mines, textile mills, cement, chemical and paper industries are exposed to the danger of air pollution.

11.1 Health and various effects on it.

Health results in the reaction of a large number of effects on a person. These effects are genetic effects, behavioral effects, and environmental effects.

Genetic effects: 

Health and environment

Determine the physiological and physiological characteristics of any organism. Paternal abnormalities are transferred from parents to children in the form of genetic diseases. Allergies, blood pressure, diabetes etc. are not entirely gene related. Nevertheless, due to interaction with the environment of these lives, these diseases occur. They are further promoted by nutrition, stress, emotions, hormones, drugs (dung) and other environmental behaviors.

Practical effects: 

Health and environment

Alcoholism, smoking, use of drugs (tobacco), tobacco addiction and irregular eating habits can cause many health problems.

Environmental Impact: Many components of the environment affect our health. They can be classified into physical, chemical, biological, social and psychological groups.

11.2 Sanitation and other problems of habitats:

-Irregular growth of residential places, inadequate infrastructure and improper collection of garbage, lack of facilities for transportation, treatment and disposal leads to increased pollution and health hazards.

- In the absence of proper toilets, especially in villages, towns and slums, there is no proper management of sewage effluent, causing mess and causing health hazards.

- Due to lack of pure drinking water, water-borne diseases are the single most important cause.

Health and environment

- Due to lack of proper management of drains in villages, towns and cities, dirty water is collected in public places. The dirt is spread far and wide due to the movement of animals out of the pits and mud into the animals, due to which problems related to cleanliness and health start.

Infection of food is often not known. Being ignorant of its causes and effects, man has to face new health problems.

Many types of health problems arise due to not paying attention to personal hygiene and eating food without washing hands.

Health and environment

11.2.1 Village:

The main problem of villages is the availability of pure drinking water. The main cause of health problems and diseases of the villages is the use of dirty and contaminated water. Due to improper excretion of feces or lack of management, hygiene problems arise. These increase infant mortality and decrease life-age. The scheme of availability of low-cost toilets for rural development is a beneficial program. Ignorance of cleanliness and health sciences, cleanliness has increased this problem further. Educating in this subject and making available clean drinking water is an important issue. Rural houses are also not properly ventilated, due to which there is a lack of clean air in the houses. In many houses there is only one room which is filled with smoke by burning wood or dung cake. Even the sunlight is not fully accessible in the houses. There drains are also not completely smooth for drainage, due to which ground water and other sources of water are contaminated.

11.2.2 Town :

Drains are not properly maintained in most cities. Consequently, dirty water is collected and becomes a pit of dirty water (mud). Cows, dogs and other animals roam freely in the cities and their feces lying somewhere further aggravates the health problem. Roads do not go well and environment is further polluted due to different types of transport and health problems increase.
Educating in this subject and making available clean drinking water is an important issue. Rural houses are also not properly ventilated, due to which there is a lack of clean air in the houses. In many houses there is only one room which is filled with smoke by burning wood or dung cake. Even the sunlight is not fully accessible in the houses. There drains are also not completely smooth for drainage, due to which ground water and other sources of water are contaminated.

Health and environment

 11.2.3 City:

The rapid growth of urbanization has adversely affected the environment. 1 / 5th of the population of the cities live in the slum and one third of the population does not have sanitation and pure drinking water which results in poor health. Most cities are made up of unplanned and unorganized (Haphazard) areas whose infrastructure is inappropriate. Industrial areas have been made without taking care of the environment. Inappropriate commercial areas, improper transport networks, improper green and recreational areas and lack of environmental consideration in planning have led to increased pollution and degradation of the environment. The discharge of sewage (sewage) into open drains contaminates the city's water supply, especially in rain water.

(A) Slum: It is a group of slums that are set up in an unplanned manner. There is no room left for roads, drains, open spaces or grounds. Many huts are built where there is no place for pure air to enter. In that, smoke is filled by cooking food on the wood stove, due to which respiratory problems and diseases arise. Often there are no toilets due to which life becomes difficult especially for women. Lack of proper drains can lead to harmful health and unclean condition. Due to lack of available pure drinking water, stomach diseases like dysentery and diarrhea occur in these areas, which are often fatal for children.

(B) Industrial Area: Many industries are set up in an unplanned manner. There is no estimate of what and how it will affect the environment. Hence air, water, land and noise pollution is spread with its unwanted consequences. Industrial waste and sewage are often very harmful. It may also contain heavy metals and other toxic substances. In the end, they go down and contaminate the ground water, due to which the water is not fit for drinking and other works.

(C) Residential and Commercial Areas: It is very common in cities that commercial activities start even in areas meant for residence only because they are all unplanned and have no infrastructure. A small area gets very crowded. Uncontrolled parking of trains causes a lot of inconvenience to traffic and people. The sound level also increases greatly because the street vendors sell their goods with a very loud sound. Domestic and daily commercial waste is piled up on the side of the road, which fills the entire area with dirt. It is very harmful for health. Burning waste of the leaves of trees and plants causes air pollution, especially in winter.

Health and environment

(D) The traffic is also spoiled due to bad roads. Due to violation of traffic rules, too many trains and lack of public transport, traffic remains disorganized. The smoke from the vehicles, the dust that causes them, pollutes the atmosphere. Particularly there is a lot of pollution from particles, smoke and dust floating in the air coming out of diesel vehicles and from other trains.

Textual Questions 11.1

1. Give a definition of health.
2. What is the benefit of providing pure drinking water to a community?
3. What is a slum?
4. Explain two reasons of health problem in villages.
11.3 Causes of pathogens, carriers and chemical pollutants

Different ways of spreading water-borne diseases: Pure drinking water is not available to about 1 / 5th of the total population of the world. In developing countries, about 80 to 90% of the sewage is discharged into untreated rivers and streams, these rivers and streams only provide water for drinking and domestic use. Due to not treating sewage, disease-causing organisms spread water-borne diseases. Disease-causing carriers such as mosquitoes etc. live in water and these organisms are responsible for about one third of the deaths in the world.
Increasing pollution in rivers and other water bodies has become a major threat to public health. Polluted water is the main cause of many gastric problems. Diseases like liver infection and cancer can also be caused by this. A large number of children die due to diarrhea (dysentery).

11.3.1 Methods of spreading diseases:

Disease-spreading pathogens reach the human body in different ways. His description is given below-

1. By touch or contact: The infection is spread indirectly by direct physical contact with the infected person or by contact with the infected person's touched objects.

2. Transmission of diseases through mediums: 

(a) Pathogenic organisms are transmitted by water, food etc. When an infection in water occurs at the source itself, the infection spreads to a large population. Diseases (pathogens, pathogen) of cholera, typhoid and hepatitis are spread from person to person only through domestic water supply. Infections are also spread by living organisms in the water - for example Helminthies (parasitic worms) who spend a large part of their life cycle in water. (B) Many chemical pollutants such as food additives, adulterants in foods, poisoning of industrial wastes, pesticides and metals are found in water even in ground water and this water is used by humans and animals. The disease spreads as a result. Inadequate availability of water and lack of personal hygiene cause diseases such as eye irritation and redness (tankoma) and skin infection.

3. Transmission of vectors: Vector is a carrier of pathogen. Mosquitoes that spend part of their life cycle in water. Vectors spread diseases like malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis (elephant feet, filariasis) and dengue.

Health and environment

 11.3.2 Water borne diseases, their spread and consequences

It is estimated that the loss of 73 million working days per year in India is due to water-borne diseases. India is a major country river and the surface flow here represents 97% of the available water. But instead of boon, these rivers started becoming a curse for India due to pollution.

After entering Delhi, Yamuna has become polluted on a large scale. The reason for this is the mixing of untreated sewage. Apart from sewage, industrial waste and other pollutants are also added to it. It has been found that the Yamuna water after entering Delhi has been found to have 20 times more pollution than the water before entering Delhi. Waterborne diseases spread through contaminated drinking water. Water is contaminated by bowel movements, bathing and washing of food items or other items. Waterborne diseases such as scabies and eye diseases, trachoma and eye mucous inflammation (conjunctivitis) are spread due to water contamination. Diseases caused by water are spread by the parasites that live in the water, in this the snail infected disease is schistomiasis. Polluted water also causes hook worms and round worms in the stomach. 

Health and environment

A large number of pathogenic diseases of waterborne diseases are transmitted through water in different ways. Textual Questions 11.2

1. Give an example of a disease spread by pathogens.
2. Pain with diarrhea or stool mucus, fever and abdominal cramps with or without blood are symptoms of a waterborne disease. Name it.
3. Name the bacteria that causes leptospirosis.

11.4 Air-pollutants associated with agriculture, industry, mining and urban areas: 

Environmental pollution has become a health hazard all over the world. Especially in developing countries it is even more so in India. Air pollution destroys the quality of the air in which we breathe. Many such elements are found in contaminated air which are harmful to the lungs. Problems due to air pollutants are irritation and swelling in the eyes, nasal congestion, sneezes and headaches. Apart from these, there are also some other more serious problems which can be fatal. Due to too long exposure to contaminated air, bronchitis, cough, asthma and emphysema can occur.

Fig. 11.3 Animal feces and cow dung as well as methane coming out of the paddy field
   
11.4 Air pollution from agricultural operations

Pesticides: A large amount of pesticides sprayed on crops evaporates and contaminates the atmosphere above the farming environment.

Smoke: Burning the remaining wastes (wastes) of crops produces smoke and from which many toxic gases are also produced.

Water vapor: Humidity is high in fields after and before irrigation. Apart from this, gases generated from the use of equipment such as diesel pumps, tractors, etc. also contaminate the agricultural sector.

 11.4.2 Industrial:

Smoke: Smoke is the biggest polluter of the industrial sector. It is produced by burning old fuels like coal. The chimneys emit a dark black cloud of pollutants that cover the surrounding area with a thick sheet of white dust or ash.

Health and environment

Carbon Dioxide: Burning fossil fuels, wood and agricultural waste produces only a very small amount of carbon dioxide, leading to global warming and climate change.

Sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide is produced by burning fossil fuels.
Apart from the above described, some other industries like sugar mills, tanning factories, etc. disseminate very deodorant gases into the atmosphere. Many other pollutants and heavy metals are commonly found in urban environments.

11.4.3 Mining areas:

In these areas airborne particles are the main pollutants. It occurs mainly in small rock mines and iron mines. The other pollutants are sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide.
Asbestos dust (dust) is found in the atmosphere of asbestos mines due to 'asbestosis' and silicosis due to silica. Other heavy metals like lead (zinc), zinc itself such as chromium, arsenic, copper and manganese and radan gases are also collected with high density in various mines. High levels of alpha and gamma radiation (radiation) are found in the atmosphere surrounding uranium mines and tailings of uranium ore (raw metal).
 

Health and environment

11.4.4 Pollution in Urban Areas:

Airborne particulate matter is the largest pollutant in urban areas. These are the result of various human activities such as traffic, industry smoke and diesel vehicle smoke and rail engine gases such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In addition, particles of iron, zinc and magnesium are also found along with particulate pollutants floating in the air.

Health and environment

 Textual Questions 11.3

1. Which industries produce deodorant gas?
2. Which air pollutants come out of small stone mines and iron mines?
3. Due to traffic plying on dusty roads in a congested urban area, a particular pollutant dissolves in the air from the smoke of industries, and from the smoke of diesel vehicles. What pollutant is that?
4. Describe the main pollutants of agriculture sector.